That should really have capitals, as Unconditional Parenting* is actually the name of a book I’ve been reading, courtesy of Turquoise Lisa, who has very kindly lent it to me. I’m not normally one given to long analyses of parenting – genuinely, I have no idea what I’m doing from one minute to the next, and my ‘parenting approach’, if I could be said to have one, is to do what seems best at the time. Other people, however, appear to actually think things through – the very idea! – and to ponder, in more rational and coherent fashion than my own, what makes a good parent, and what helps a child the most. The idea behind unconditional parenting is, from what I understand of it (and of course, as ever, my understanding is based on a half-hour here and ten minutes there, which, coupled with reasonably copious bags under the eyes, does not necessarily make for the best interpretation, but still – on we go), that by accepting one’s child without reservation, i.e. without attempting to carry out a careful dance between coercion, rewards and constant negotiation, one stands a better chance of producing a thoughtful, helpful, confident and self-reliant human being.
I’d heard about this book on various of the attachment parenting forums I read from time to time, and to be honest, after having had my doubts about attachment parenting during the very, very sleep-deprived early months of the witchling’s life, I’d pretty much resolved not to read the book, largely because once I’ve read about something, if I consider it possible that the point of view advanced therein might be correct, I find it very hard to dismiss it and attempt an alternative approach. Which is a very long-winded way of saying that I was worried I might agree with it, find it nigh-on impossible to carry out, and spend decades beating myself up about it. But gradually the sleep improved, even if we still have interesting times from time to time, and while I would love love love to get more uninterrupted sleep than I often manage, I still believe that the way we are doing things is the best way for us.**
`Anyway, it seems that unconditional parenting is a natural sort of extension of the attachment philosophy in that it is based on communication between parent and child, and on respecting the child as a person, rather than a project to be fixed in various ways; so far, I’m enjoying what I’ve read. Alfie Kohn, the author, reckons that ‘conventional approaches to parenting such as punishments (including “time-outs”), rewards (including positive reinforcement), and other forms of control teach children that they are loved only when they please us or impress us’ (back cover). He talks of ‘authoritarian’ parents who ‘are more strict and demanding than they are accepting and encouraging’ (50), who ‘rarely offer explanations or justifications for the rules they impose’, expecting rather ‘absolute obedience’ from children who will ‘comply with authority [rather than] think for themselves or express their opinions’. Later in the same chapter, he tells of the long-term results of such an approach:
Lay-down-the-law parenting may produce kids who seem to be so well-behaved as to be the envy of the neighbors [sic]. Often, however, they’ve just learned to be sneakier about their misbehaviour … They seem to be perfect, but they’re actually leading a ‘double life,’ as one therapist put it: ‘Because our parents insisted on exercising control over our lives, we created one life that they knew about, and one that remained a secret from them.’ Such children may be at risk for various psychological problems down the line. Also, they may be terrified of, and permanently alienated from, the people who treat them this way.
Forgive the lengthy quote (and the pissy academic background which made me want to indent it), but this has really made me think. Now, I know that my relationship with my own parents was a bit… well, dodgy, to be frank, but Kohn has made me think about the way in which it was dodgy. That double life thing? I appear to be a textbook case. I was seemingly bright and well-behaved at school, but out of it, not so much. I had boyfriends fifteen years my senior (the most notable being a violent drunkard aged thirty-two when I was fifteen), I smoked a lot of pot, I had quite a sideline in stealing to order going. I was arrested three times by the time I was sixteen, and narrowly avoided a criminal record – only my age and my ‘personal circumstances’ managed to ensure a caution rather than a charge. I got bullied at school, and I reacted by removing myself from the situation entirely – I just didn’t go. My days were spent often with the aforementioned boyfriends, and often in pubs and clubs.
So, how did that come about? My mother was very laid-back in her parenting – we were very good friends, and, probably because of the trust I now see that this engendered, she knew pretty much everything there was to know about me. Of course, she didn’t know the extent of my double life as she was still a part of The Parents, which also included my father. My father was very authoritarian. At 14, I wasn’t allowed to sleep at friends’ houses without a big hoo-ha about it, and when he caught me going to a teenage disco one night (he called to check up on me; we’d already gone out, and my friend’s mother hadn’t realised I wasn’t supposed to go), he turned up an hour later to haul me out, having been right through my room, examining each and every one of my things while he was at it, and subsequently reminding me that my room wasn’t my room, but part of his house.
When he talks about my mother now, he clearly believes her to have been slack; he thinks she left the discipline to him, and that he had to make up for her laissez-faire approach with extra strictness. (God only knows what he thought I would otherwise do.) Having been on the receiving end, this wasn’t how it seemed at the time: his rules seemed arbitrary, designed to thwart for no reason other than because he could. The power relations were never fair, after all – he had all the cards, and yet he still seemed to feel the need to remind me of this more often than I felt my behaviour warranted. My mother, however, didn’t even really have to get me to do things her way; rather, it was more that I would have felt it almost rude to have upset her, to have caused her concern. She was simply too nice to piss around. She welcomed my friends – during college (16 – 18 in the UK), when my father was largely absent, living part-time with a girlfriend in London, many of them spent copious quantities of time at my house, and indeed one of them lived with us for six months. She didn’t freak out when I did things about which she was unsure, even when I admitted to having a smoking habit, but gave me time to figure out for myself that it wasn’t a good plan (having made it quite clear what she thought, that is – she didn’t just leave me to it). She encouraged me towards things she thought would work for me, even when they weren’t things she herself would have chosen – Law A-level, for example, wasn’t really her idea of fun, but she could see that it would work for the sort of brain I appeared to have.
All this is not to say that I didn’t get on with my father at all; on the contrary, he and I sometimes had a lot of fun together, and he can be great entertainment. Things improved in terms of his strictness after he left my mother for a woman only two years older than my brother; he lived with her for about a year, and perhaps at that point he realised that laying down the law simply didn’t hold water when you’d done something which didn’t exactly speak of high moral standards. (And yes, I am bitter. Hiding it well, though, right?) At this point, he would often volunteer to pick me up a pack of cigarettes on his way home from work. All the old rules went out of the window, though I can’t say that I felt wholly better for it, because in place of the uncertainty I’d previously, er, enjoyed was a new one: I felt constantly that he didn’t really want to see me, largely because he’d make plans and then drop me at the last minute if a better offer came along.
I feel I’m probably giving an overly harsh impression of my father. Today, I can see that he likes to think that his way worked out really well, because look at how well his daughter turned out. Or something. But to be honest, I can’t really say that his approach is what made me the person I am now, or, rather, I suppose it might be, but not quite in the way he means. We are in frequent contact, though regular readers will know that that contact is not without its ups and downs, and certainly not without conflict. The thing is, to this day, I am not sure of his affection; if I do things of which he disapproves, he simply withdraws the light of his countenance, something which I simply could not imagine doing when I look at my tiny daughter. I’m sure the day will come when she’ll piss me right royally off, but to leave her to it? Just to wander off without telling her why I think what I think? Why I worry that what she’s doing is the wrong thing? Nope – doesn’t seem likely. When I told my father I was going to get married (after Quercus and I had been together for, oh, six years), he told me I’d better do it while he was on holiday because he didn’t want to come. When I told him I was pregnant, he just didn’t really speak of it, or ask about it, until I was recovering from giving birth. My stepmother told me ‘he’s just worried about you’, but that wasn’t how it translated to me; to me, it was ‘you’re doing something I don’t like/am not sure about, so rather than telling you how I feel, I’m off’. It’s a pattern with which I’m familiar, and I’m buggered if I’m going to do it with my own daughter.
So, in short, yes, I think it’s difficult to avoid using coercion, and even more difficult not to use rewards or the positive reinforcement Kohn talks of in the book, but I can see the point. To start with, I thought it was a bit odd, frankly, to say that telling children things like ‘well done’ when they’ve been well-behaved, say, around the supermarket is a bad thing, but thinking it through, I suppose the implication is that the way they’ve behaved is worthy of comment, rather than just The Way Things Are. It’s implying that their normal standard isn’t that good. Or that’s my interpretation of it. And, while I find it a bit on the extreme end to say that telling a child you love it when it does something nice means, to the child, that you don’t love it when it doesn’t do that thing, I can see what he’s driving at. If the alternative genuinely is the parenting I experienced from my father, the unconditional approach has got to be worth a try.
</navel-gazing>
* Alfie Kohn, Unconditional Parenting: Moving from Rewards and Punishment to Love and Reason (New York: Atria Books, 2005).
** Which is not to say that It Is The Best Way; it’s just what works for us, and horses for courses and all that.